GE CRx25P Brožura Strana 92
- Strana / 114
- Tabulka s obsahem
- KNIHY
Hodnocené. / 5. Na základě hodnocení zákazníků
181
System set-up
Figure 3-17 shows the concept of a two-dimensional
(2D) X-ray microscopy system
to inspect
small components consisting of a micro- or nanofocus X-ray tube, an X-Y-Z manipulator and
detector. The manipulator can be joystick- or CNC-controlled. Full automation is possible.
The geometric magnification can be controlled by the Z-axis. Closer to the tube results in a
larger magnification factor.
The set-up of figure 3-17 is used for flat components. For certain applications, dependent on
the geometry of the component, the so called “ovhm” technique (oblique view at highest mag-
nification) is in use.
In such cases an open transmission X-ray tube generates an adjustable oblique (angled) beam,
the detector is angled accordingly as illustrated in figure 4-17. Instead of tilting the sample,
which would result in a certain distance D that would limit the magnification factor, the beam
is tilted as
illustrated reducing D to almost zero.
180
D
Z
Y
X
0 -70°
Tube control
X-ray tube
Manipulator
Component
Detector (image chain)
Joystick / CNC
Image processing
Workstation
Fig. 3-17. System set-up for X-ray microscopy
Fig. 4-17. Oblique (ovhm) technique for maximum magnification.
Effect of focal dimensions
Figure 1-17 illustrates in one way the effect of focal spot size (unsharpness), figure 5-17
shows the same in another way for a micro- and nanofocus tube head.
Figure 6-17 shows the effect of focus size on images of a connection (wire diameter 25
micron) in an electronic package. Image A is taken with a focal spot size of 10 micron, image
B shows the result for a 5 micron focus and image C was taken with a focus of less than 1
micron. Details of approximately 250 nm are visible.
There are rules-of-thumb to determine resolution and potential defect detectability as
a function of focal spot size.
For large magnifications, exceeding 100x, the following applies:
• resolution equals the focal spot size divided by two
• detectability or feature recognition equals focal spot size divided by three
Focal spot : 10 microns 5 microns <1 micron
Fig. 6-17. Effect of spot sizes on image sharpness for different focal spot sizes
X-ray tube
Detector
Adjustable
detector position
Detector
ABC
Object
Source
Fig. 5-17. Effect of focal spot size on sharpness
- Industrial Radiography 1
- Image forming techniques 2
- “Industrial Radiography” 3
- Contents 4
- Basic properties 11
- 2.2 X-rays 12
- 2.3 Gamma-rays ( 12
- 2.5 Radiation energy-hardness 13
- 2.7 Penetrating power 14
- 2.8 Filtering (hardening) 15
- 2.9 Half-value thickness 15
- 3.2 Definitions 17
- Radiation sources 18
- Effective focal spot size 19
- NDT equipment 21
- 5.2 High voltage generators 22
- 5.3 Megavolt equipment 23
- 5.4 Radioactive sources 24
- 6.1 Radiation images 27
- 6.2 Radiation filters 28
- 6.3 Intensifying screens 28
- Steel and copper screens 29
- Fluorescent screens 29
- Fluorescent salt screens 29
- Fluorometallic screens 29
- (3.7-2.8) 30
- The X-ray film 31
- Developing the latent image 32
- Density (optical) 32
- Contrast 32
- Gradient of the density curve 33
- Average gradient 33
- 7.5 Film speed (sensitivity) 34
- 7.6 Graininess 34
- Film types 35
- Filmtype 36
- 8.2 Film type selection 37
- 8.3 Film sizes 37
- Exposure chart 38
- Fig. 1-9. Step wedge 39
- Preliminary charts 40
- FFD = focus-to-film distance 41
- 9.6 Relative exposure factors 42
- 9.7 Absolute exposure times 42
- Method and answer 43
- Example 2: 43
- Processing and 44
- 10.4 Silver recovery 47
- Defect discernibility 50
- Inherent unsharpness 51
- Total unsharpness 52
- Selection of gamma source 53
- Inverse square law 53
- 150 kV 80 kV 54
- 12.2 Useful film length 56
- Image quality 57
- Batch numberBatch number 58
- 13.3 List of common IQI’s 59
- 13.4 Position of the IQI 60
- 13.5 IQI sensitivity values 60
- Film exposure 61
- Film interpretation 63
- 15.2 The film-interpreter 64
- 15.3 Reference radiographs 64
- Casting radiography 69
- Digital Radiography (DR) 74
- 16.2 Digital image formation 75
- Two-step digital radiography 76
- The CR imaging plate 76
- Image development 76
- Scanners-Readers 76
- CR cassettes 77
- 16.5.1 Detector types 78
- 16.5.2 Fill Factor 79
- Limitations 80
- Amorphous silicon flat panels 80
- 16.6.1 Exposure energy 81
- Exposure parameters 82
- Image quality definitions 82
- Bit depth 83
- Lateral resolution 84
- Development of standards 84
- Status of CR standards 85
- Status of DR standards 85
- Impact of standards 85
- Standards for weld inspection 85
- Corrosion detection 86
- Weld inspection 86
- 16.12 Work station 87
- Grey levels 88
- 1 Steel 3,5 3,5 89
- 2 3,5 1,3 89
- Special 90
- Tube heads 91
- Magnification factors 91
- System set-up 92
- Effect of focal dimensions 92
- 17.3 Computer Tomography (CT) 94
- Effect of defect orientation 95
- Reverse engineering 95
- CT metrology 95
- Film Film 100
- 18.7 Flash radiography 102
- 19.2 Responsibilities 105
- Fig. 2-19. Pendosis meter 107
- 19.7 Dose registration 108
- 19.8 Radiation shielding 108
- European norms (EN-standards) 109
- Literature and references 110
- Acknowledgements 110
- Appendices: tables and graphs 110
- = minimum distance 111
- Relative dose 112
- Relative image quality DQE 112
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